Effects of electroacupuncture on skeletal muscle and blood glucose in rats with diabetic amyotrophy / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on skeletal muscle and blood glucose in rats with diabetic amyotrophy.@*METHODS@#Among 40 SD rats, 10 rats were randomly selected into the control group and received no treatment. The remaining 30 rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg) to establish diabetes mellitus (DM) model, and then the rats were treated with vascular ligation at right posterior limb to establish amyotrophy model. The rats with diabetic amyotrophy were randomly divided into a model group and an EA group, 10 rats in each group (10 rats were excluded due to unsuccessful model establishment and death). The rats in the EA group was treated with EA at right-side "Yishu (EX-B 3)" "Shenshu (BL 23)" "Zusanli (ST 36)" and "Sanyinjiao (SP 6)", disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/ 15 Hz, 20 minutes each time, once a day for 3 weeks. Before and after EA treatment, the blood sample was collected from inner canthus and the "glucose oxidase-peroxidase" method was used to detect fasting blood glucose level; ELISA method was used to detect insulin content. At the end of the treatment, HE staining method was used to observe the morphology of ischemic skeletal muscle in the right hindlimb; the real-time PCR method was used to detect the mRNA expression of muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF1) and forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) in the ischemic skeletal muscle tissue of right hindlimb.@*RESULTS@#Before the treatment, the body mass in the model group and EA group was lower than that in the control group (<0.01); after the treatment, the body mass in the control group was increased, while the body mass in the model group and EA group was decreased (<0.01). Compared with the control group, the fasting blood glucose was significantly increased and insulin content was significantly decreased in the model group (<0.01); compared with the model group, the fasting blood glucose was significantly decreased and the insulin content was significantly increased in the EA group after treatment (<0.01). The muscle fibers of the model group were obviously broken, the number of the nuclei decreased, and the nuclei shrinked or even dissolved; the morphology of the muscle tissue of the EA group after intervention was improved compared with the model group. Compared with the control group, the cross-sectional area of ischemic skeletal muscle cells in the right hindlimb in the model group was decreased (<0.01); compared with the model group, the cross-sectional area of ischemic skeletal muscle cells in the right hindlimb was increased in EA group (<0.05). Compared with the control group, the levels of MAFbx, MuRF1 and FOXO3a mRNA in the right hindlimb ischemic skeletal muscle in the model group were increased significantly (<0.01, <0.05); compared with the model group, the levels of MAFbx, MuRF1 and FOXO3a mRNA in the EA group were decreased significantly (<0.05, <0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#EA may play a role in the treatment of diabetic amyotrophy by inducing FOXO3a to reduce the transcription of MAFbx and MuRF1.

Comparison between two rat models of cardiac arrest: asphyxiation and ventricular fibrillation / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To compare the differences in cardiac function and neurological function between asphyxia and ventricular fibrillation (VF)induced cardiac arrest rat model.Methods·Twenty healthy adult male SD rats were randomly divided into VF group (n=8),asphyxial group (n=8)and sham group (n=4).Cardiac arrest models were established in VF group and asphyxial group by VF and asphyxia respectively.All animals were observed for 24 h and advanced life support was offered for the first 1 h after resuscitation.During the 24 h,ejection fraction (EF) and cardiac output (CO) were measured with the help of cardiac ultrasonography at 1,3,5 and 6 h post resuscitation.Electrocardiographic changes,24 h survival analysis and neurological deficit score (NDS) were also recorded and analyzed at 6,12,18 and 24 h post resuscitation.Results·Both EF and CO decreased dramatically after resuscitation compared with sham group at the same time point (P=0.000).At 1 h post resuscitation,the CO decreased from (98.84±4.86)mL/min to (59.17±22.99) mL/min in VF group and from (99.86±10.34) mL/min to (46,02±22.32) mL/min in asphyxial group,but there was no difference between the two groups (P=0.792).At 3,5 and 6 h post resuscitation,the CO in VF group was higher than that in asphyxial group (P=0.041,P=0.007,P=0.020).At 1 h post resuscitation,the EF decreased from (82.67±6.21)％ to (70.23±13.24)％ in VF group and from (83.24±3.01)％ to (65.46±13.11)％in asphyxial group,but no difference was observed between the two groups (P=0.877).Then a recovery tendency was observed in both groups,but more obvious in VF group at 3 and 5 h post resuscitation (P=0.031,P=0.024).No difference was found between the two groups in survival rate during 24 h and the NDS after resuscitation,although the neurological function was greatly impaired.Conclusion·VF and asphyxia are most commonly used methods to induce cardiac arrest,but these models may differ in cardiac function post resuscitation.Researchers need to choose appropriate models according to their study objectives.

Changes of the immunological barrier of intestinal mucosa in rats with sepsis / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND:Sepsis has become the greatest threat to in-patients, with a mortality of over 25％.The dysfunction of gut barrier, especially the immunological barrier, plays an important role in the development of sepsis. This dysfunction occurs after surgery, but the magnitude of change does not differentiate patients with sepsis from those without sepsis. Increased intestinal permeability before surgery is of no value in predicating sepsis. The present study aimed to observe the changes of intestinal mucosal immunologic barrier in rat models of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. METHODS:Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sepsis group (n=45) and a control group (n=15). The rats in the sepsis group were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), whereas the rats in the control group underwent a sham operation. The ileac mucosa and segments were harvested 3, 6 and 12 hours after CLP, and blood samples were collected. Pathological changes, protein levels of defensin-5 (RD-5) and trefoil factor-3 (TFF3) mRNA, and lymphocytes apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa were determined. In an additional experiment, the gut-origin bacterial DNA in blood was detected. RESULTS:The intestinal mucosa showed marked injury with loss of ileal villi, desquamation of epithelium, detachment of lamina propria, hemorrhage and ulceration in the sepsis group. The expression of TFF3 mRNA and level of RD-5 protein were decreased and the apoptosis of mucosal lymphocyte increased (P<0.05) in the sepsis group compared with the control group. Significant differences were observed in RD-5 and TFF3 mRNA 3 hours after CLP and they were progressively increased 6 and 12 hours after CLP in the sepsis group compared with the control group (P<0.05, RD-5 F=11.76, TFF3 F=16.86 and apoptosis F=122.52). In addition, the gut-origin bacterial DNA detected in plasma was positive in the sepsis group. CONCLUSION:The immunological function of the intestinal mucosa was impaired in septic rats and further deteriorated in the course of sepsis.

Analysis of acute cerebral arterial thrombosis with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the incidence, case fatality and risk factors of acute cerebral arterial thrombosis complicated by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective study was conducted in 830 patients with acute cerebral arterial thrombosis, among whom 89 also developed MODS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of MODS in these patients was 10.7% with case fatality of 58.4%. The presence of concurrent infection and increased number of organ involved both resulted in higher case fatality. The preceding health status, number of failing organs and score of neurologic impairment were the main fetal factors according to logistic regression analysis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MODS usually occurs in two weeks after the onset of acute cerebral arterial thrombosis. Prevention of MODS involves rigorous treatment of the compromised organs and comprehensive systemic therapy in addition to the management of the primary diseases.</p>